* Contributors
* PDF version of book portionPreface Seng-Lai Tan, Ph.D.
* PDF version of book portionIntroduction David R. Gretch
* PDF version of book portionChapter 1 HCV Genome and Life Cycle Stéphane Chevaliez and Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
o HCV Genome Organization and Function
o HCV Genome Structure and Organization
o Characteristics and Functions of HCV Proteins
o The HCV Lifecycle
o Structure of HCV Virions
o Conclusion
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 2 HCV 5′ and 3′UTR: When Translation Meets Replication Stephanie T. Shi and Michael M. C. Lai
o Introduction
o Structural and Functional Components of the HCV RNA
o HCV Translation
o HCV RNA Replication
o Regulation of HCV Translation and Replication
o Perspectives
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 3 Assemble and Interact: Pleiotropic Functions of the HCV Core Protein Stephen J. Polyak, Kevin C. Klein, Ikuo Shoji, Tatsuo Miyamura, and Jaisri R. Lingappa
o Introduction
o The Core of the Problem
o The Role of HCV Core in Capsid Assembly
o Sub-Cellular Targeting of HCV Core
o Post-Translational Modifications of HCV Core
o HCV Core-Host Interactions
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 4 HCV Glycoproteins: Assembly of a Functional E1–E2 Heterodimer Muriel Lavie, Anne Goffard, and Jean Dubuisson
o Introduction
o Biogenesis of HCV Envelope Glycoproteins
o Role of HCV Envelope Glycoproteins in Virus Entry
o Conclusion
o Future Trends
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 5 HCV NS2/3 Protease Sarah Welbourn and Arnim Pause
o Introduction
o NS2/3 Catalytic Cleavage
o Role of NS2/3 Cleavage in Viral Replication
o Roles of Cleaved NS2
o Conclusions
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 6 HCV NS3-4A Serine Protease Chao Lin
o Introduction
o Biological Functions
o Three Dimensional Structures
o Assays for the HCV NS3-4A Serine Protease
o A Drug Discovery Target
o Preclinical Studies and Clinical Development
o Conclusions and Future Directions
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 7 HCV Helicase: Structure, Function, and Inhibition David N. Frick
o Introduction
o Structure of HCV Helicase
o Mechanism of Action
o HCV Helicase Inhibitors
o Conclusions and Future Directions
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 8 HCV NS4B: From Obscurity to Central Stage Ella H. Sklan and Jeffrey S. Glenn
o Introduction
o Proteolytic Generation of NS4B
o Subcellular Localization and Topology
o NS4B and Lipid Rafts
o The Immunological Effects of NS4B
o Modulation of Ns5bs' RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Activity
o Effects of NS4B on Translation
o "Membranous Web" Formation
o Modulation of ER Functions
o Malignant Transformation
o NS4B Features That May Underlie the Mechanisms of the Above Functions
o Future Directions
o Future Directions
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 9 HCV NS5A: A Multifunctional Regulator of Cellular Pathways and Virus Replication Yupeng He, Kirk A. Staschke, and Seng-Lai Tan
o Introduction
o Structural Features and Subcellular Localization of NS5A
o NS5A Phosphorylation: A Functional Role or Red Herring?
o Emerging Role of NS5A in HCV Replication
o NS5A as a Viral Interceptor of Cellular Pathways
o Concluding Remarks
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 10 Biochemical Activities of the HCV NS5B RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase C. T. Ranjith-Kumar and C. Cheng Kao
o Introduction
o Expression of NS5B
o Structural Features of HCV NS5B
o Catalytic Pocket
o Activities of NS5B
o De novo Synthesis and Primer Extension
o Mutational Analysis
o Terminal Nucleotidyl Transferase (TNTase) Activity
o Template Switch
o Interaction with Other HCV Nonstructural Proteins
o Conclusion and Future Trends
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 11 HCV Replicon Systems Keril J. Blight and Elizabeth A. Norgard
o Introduction
o Development of HCV Replicons
o Identification of Adaptive Mutations
o Generation of Replicons from Other HCV Isolates
o Development of Alternative Replicon Derivatives
o Cell Lines Permissive for HCV Replication
o Applications of the HCV Replicon System
o Inhibition of Replicon Replication
o Concluding Remarks
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 12 Animal Models for HCV Study Linda B. Couto and Alexander A. Kolykhalov
o Chimpanzee Model
o Transgenic Mouse Models
o Xenograft Models
o Small Non-Human Primate Models
o Summary and Conclusions
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 13 HCV Regulation of Host Defense D. Spencer Carney and Michael Gale Jr.
o Introduction
o Innate Intracellular Immune Defenses
o ISG Products Have Antiviral Functions
o Cross-Talk Between Innate and Adaptive Immune Defenses
o IFN-γ Activation of the Antiviral Response
o Hepatic Defenses Are Triggered by HCV
o Triggering the Host Response to HCV Infection
o Regulation and Evasion of the Host Response by HCV
o HCV Regulation of IFN Signaling
o Regulation of ISG Expression or Function
o Viral Genetics Impact the Host Response to HCV Infection
o Exogenous Induction of Antiviral Hepatic Defenses
o The HCV/Host Interface Model of Viral Evasion
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 14 Regulation of Adaptive Immunity by HCV Xiao-Song He
o Introduction
o Adaptive Immunity to HCV: A Failure in Most Patients
o Dendritic Cells–Are They Infected by HCV?
o Interference of Host Cell Functions by HCV
o Regulatory T Cells in HCV Infection
o Immune Cells and Immune Responses in the Liver
o Conclusion
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 15 Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) and Other Strategies in HCV Vaccine Designs and Immunotherapy Ayaz M. Majid and Glen N. Barber
o Introduction
o Classical Strategies in Viral Vaccines
o Studies of Recombinant HCV Protein Sub-Units in Chimpanzees
o Efficacy of Recombinant DNA Approaches in Generating HCV Immunity
o Hepatitis C Virus-like Particles
o VSV as a Safe and Potent Vector for Generating Immunity against Viral Pathogens
o VSV-HCV Pseudotypes as a Prelude to Recombinant VSV in HCV Immuno-Intervention
o Replication Competent and Defective Recombinant VSV as a Vaccine Strategy to Generate Immune Responses
o Recombinant VSV Vaccine Studies
o VSV Expressing HCV Core, E1 and E2 Structural Proteins as a Potential Vaccine and Immunotherapeutic Strategy against HCV Infection
o Conclusions
o Future Trends
o References
* PDF version of book portionChapter 16 Development of an Infectious HCV Cell Culture System Takaji Wakita and Takanobu Kato
o Introduction
o A Case of Fulminant Hepatitis Associated with HCV
o Sequence Analysis of JFH-1
o Preferential Processing for Core Protein of JFH-1
o Replication Capacity of JFH-1 as a Subgenomic Replicon
o Construction of Full-Length JFH-1 cDNA
o Replication of Full-Length JFH-1 RNA in Huh7 Cells
o Infectivity of Secreted Viral Particles from JFH-1 Transfected Cells
o Neutralization of JFH-1 Infectivity by CD81 Antibody and Patient Sera
o In Vivo Infectivity of JFH-1 Culture Medium
o Permissive Cells for JFH-1 Infection
o Summary and Concluding Remarks
o References
* List of Figures

Copyright © 2006 Horizon Bioscience, an imprint of Horizon Scientific Press

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About the Author

---

Joseph P. Hornak, Ph.D.

Dr. Hornak is Professor of Chemistry and Imaging Science at the Rochester Institute of Technology where he teaches courses in magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and analytical chemistry. He is also Director of the Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, a research and development laboratory on the RIT campus. His research interests include multi-spectral tissue classification with magnetic resonance images, near surface MRI, in vivo low frequency electron spin resonance of free radicals, magnetic resonance hardware development, and magnetic resonance imaging of materials.

Dr. Hornak received his Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame and has done postdoctoral work at Cornell University. He is author of more than 160 published and conference papers on magnetic resonance related topics.

Additional information about Professor Hornak can be found on his web page. You may reach Professor Hornak by e-mail, or paper mail at Department of Chemistry, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623-5603.

• Preface (Help)
• About the author

1. Introduction
• NMRI or MRI ?
• Opportunities in MRI
• Tomographic Imaging
• Microscopic property responsible for MRI
2. The Mathematics of NMR
• Exponential Functions
• Trigonometric Functions
• Differentials and Integrals
• Vectors
• Matrices
• Rotation Matrices
• Coordinate Transformations
• Convolutions
• Imaginary Numbers
• The Fourier Transform
3. Spin Physics
• Spin
• Properties of Spin
• Nuclei with Spin
• Energy Levels
• NMR Transitions
• Energy Level Diagrams
• Continuous Wave NMR Experiment
• Boltzmann Statistics
• Spin Packets
• T1 Processes
• Precession
• T2 Processes
• Rotating Frame of Reference
• Pulsed Magnetic Fields
• Spin Relaxation
• Bloch Equations
4. NMR Spectroscopy
• Time Domain NMR Signal
• +/- Frequency Convention
• 90- FID
• Spin-Echo
• Inversion Recovery
• Chemical Shift
5. Fourier Transforms
• Introduction
• The + and - Frequency Problem
• The Fourier Transform
• Phase Correction
• Fourier Pairs
• The Convolution Theorem
• The Digital FT
• Sampling Error
• The Two-Dimensional FT
6. Imaging Principles
• Introduction
• Magnetic Field Gradient
• Frequency Encoding
• Back Projection Imaging
• Slice Selection
7. Fourier Transform Imaging Principles
• Introduction
• Phase Encoding Gradient
• FT Tomographic Imaging
• Signal Processing
• Image Resolution
8. Basic Imaging Techniques
• Introduction
• Multislice imaging
• Oblique Imaging
• Spin-Echo Imaging
• Inversion Recovery Imaging
• Gradient Recalled Echo Imaging
• Image Contrast
• Signal Averaging
9. Imaging Hardware
• Hardware Overview
• Magnet
• Gradient Coils
• RF Coils
• Qadrature Detector
• Safety
• Phantoms
10. Image Presentation
• Image Histogram
• Image Processing
• Imaging Coordinates
• Imaging Planes
11. Image Artifacts
• Introduction
• RF Quadrature
• Bo Inhomogeneity
• Gradient
• RF Inhomogeneity
• Motion
• Flow
• Chemical Shift
• Partial Volume
• Wrap Around
• Gibbs Ringing
12. Advanced Imaging Techniques
• Introduction
• Volume Imaging (3-D Imaging)
• Flow Imaging (MRI Angiography)
• Diffusion Imaging
• Fractional Nex & Echo Imaging
• Fast Spin-Echo Imaging
• Chemical Shift Imaging (Fat Suppression)
• Echo Planar Imaging (Functional MRI)
• Spatially Localized Spectroscopy
• Chemical Contrast Agents
• Magnetization Transfer Contrast
• Variable Bandwidth Imaging
• T₁, T₂, & Spin Density Images
• Tissue Classification
• Hyperpolarized Noble Gas Imaging
• Parallel Imaging
• Magnetic Resonance Elastography
• Electron Spin Resonance
13. Your MRI Exam
• Introduction
• Screening
• The Imager
• The Exam
• Your Results
14. Clinical Images
• Angiography
• Head & Neck
• Spine
• Extremities

• Glossary
• List of Symbols
• References
• Usage Statistics
• Software License

Allergy and Immunology

• Anaphylaxis
• Angioedema
• Latex Allergy
• Polymyositis
• Serum Sickness
• Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

*This article has been cross posted from another specialty to this index page because of its relevance.